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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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http://www.archive.org/details/replyofdonvenustOOcarr 



REPLY of 
Don VENUSTIANO CARRANZA 

n 

to the 
Chief of the Northern Division 



The First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army, in charge of the 
Executive Power, to 

THE MEXICAN PEOPLE 



REFUTATION OF THE MANIFEST OF 
GENERAL FRANCISCO VILLA 



IL 



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El Liberal, Mexico D. F., Sunday, October 25th, 1914. 

I have deliberately allowed the Manifest written for General 
Villa in Chihuahua, and signed by him, to circulate freely, my object 
m so doing being that the people might become familiar with the rea- 
sons by which the authors of the "Manifest," pretend to justify this 
man's rebellion, in refusing to recognize me as First Chief of the 
Constitutionalist Army and in charge of the Executive Power of the 
Union. Although the false statements and contradictions in this 
document are apparent, I shall make it my duty to refute it with plain 
facts. 

Villa's Manifest begins: "When the democratic government of 
Mr. Madero was overthrown, a great accomplishment of the revolu- 
tionary movement of 1910, the Mexicans again set out to conquer 
their freedom and their rights, thus proving to the Nation and to the 
whole world, that imposition in Mexico has been banished forever and 
that henceforth Mexicans will only be governed by rulers which they 
themiselves have placed in power. 

Evidently, General Villa forgets something that he should always 
remember to his shame: that on May 13th, 1911,. immediately after 
the victory of the taking of Ciudad Juarez, General \'illa and his 
partner, Pascual Orozco, seized the Provisional President of the 
Republic, Don Francisco I. Madero, who after he had managed to 
escape this first coup d'etat, looked upon Villa with contempt and gave 
orders to shoot him, which orders were not carried out because as 
everyone knows Mr. Madero's goodness had no bounds. 

It is not surprising therefore, that the man» who attempted to 
overthrow by violence, the democratic government of Mr. IMadero, 
now declares it a wonderful accomplishment of the revolutionary 
movement of 1910, and again resorts to violence, trying to impose 
upon the people a government, while he states that they will only 
respect governments which they themselves have placed in power." 

Villa declares that "the Northern division, which had been the 
object of my political intrigues, fearing more than any of the other 
divisions that the revolutionary ideals would remain unaccomplished"' 
proposed, with the concurrence of the chiefs of the Northeastern 
division in Torreon, to celebrate a Convention on a democratic basis, 
and he further states that I refused to accept this arrangement. The 
truth regarding the conferences of Torreon has never been told, but 
it ought to be. The meeting in Torreo.ii_was held at the suggestion of 
the Generals of the Northeastern division, and not of the Northern 
division, as \'illa asserts, and it was done to find a way out of the 
difficulties brought on by one of the most grave disobediences of 
General Villa. 

These are the facts : General Natera, who was attacking Zacatecas 
and had already taken possession of important positions in that 
locality, was urgently asking for reinforcements — I then gave orders 
to Villa to send to Zacatecas in all possible haste, five thousand or 
more men, under the command of whatever chief he might deem con- 
venient. After offering many groundless excuses for not obeying this 
order, he finally replied that he would either go with all his forces, or 

1 



resign his command of the Northern division. My answer to him was 
to the effect that there was no cause for such an action on his part, 
and repeated my order to him, that he was to go to the assistance 
of General Natera, who found himself every moment in a more and 
more embarrassing position. Villa then presented his resignation, 
thinking that I would not accept it. which I did, but he nevertheless 
continued at the head of the Northern division, and after rebelling 
against me as First Chief, marched against Zacatecas. 

The Generals of the Northeastern division seeing in the attitude 
of General \'illa a serious danger to all concerned, they arranged 
with the Chiefs of the Northern division, to celebrate some confer- 
ences in the State of Torreon. At these conferences, it was agreed 
to submit to my approval, certain propositions, and I must hereby 
state that I did not intervene or take any part whatsoever in these 
conferences, and therefore was not bound to accept its decisions. 
Nevertheless, when the different arrangements were put before me 
for my consideration, I accepted some points and rejected others. 
I agreed to have General Villa continue at the head of the Northern 
Division, furnishing provisions for his men, and letting him have the 
coal of the Coahuila coal-mines for his trains, and for the use of the 
railroad traffic in the region occupied by him. On the other hand, 
the Northern Division agreed to return to obedience and place itself 
under my orders — they also agreed to rescind their hold of the Rail- 
roads, and place them at the disposition of the Department of Comuni- 
caciones (that is. the Railroads traversing the territory occupied by the 
Division of the North) also to hand over the National Treasury, the 
Customs of Ciudad Juarez, the Tax-Stamp Office, the Department of 
State and all the other federal offices which they had forcibly seized 
at the time they revolted, and to hand over to their rightful owners 
several millions dollars issued by the Constitutional Government and 
which they were unlawfully retaining in their power. 

One of the clauses of the agreement which I did not accept, 
was that of conferring upon Villa the grade of General of Division, 
as I did not deem it justified to recompense an insubordination with a 
promotion. Another clause to which I would not agree was that pro- 
viding that General Angeles (whom I had dismissed because I found 
him unworthy of the position entrusted to him) should resume his 
post as Assistant Secretary of War, with the understanding that im- 
mediately after his reinstatement,' he would make his resignation. 
This did not seem to me to be a correct thing to do, it being too much 
like the proceedings of Diaz, and his sham pardons, proceedings 
which cannot be accepted by anyone with claims to self-respect. 

Facts have been concealed and misrepresented, for the purpose 
of accusing me of having violated agreements, which could in no sort 
or manner be binding for me, and of having transgressed these same 
agreements by summoning a Junta of Generals and Governors of the 
States in the City of Mexico. This last mentioned, was an agreement 
which I had voluntarily entered into, and which I was therefore bound 
to comply with, which I did. But General Villa, who shields himself 
behind the Northern Division, and speaks always in the name of this 
Division, though he knows well that not all the Generals, Chiefs, 

2 



Officers and soldiers share his opinions, he asserts that "Since the 
Northern Division had lost its faith in the First Chief, they natural- 
ly could not put it in a Junta whose members were practically 
chosen by me, as it was I who had the power to confer the grade of 
General, and to appoint the Governors of the different States, which 
at all times would give me an assured majority. 

Grievous and insulting accusations, these that \'illa hurls against 
the Constitutionalist Army and its worthy chiefs! His desire to 
harm me is so great, that he audaciously makes the offense extensive 
to all his comrades-in-arms ! Let General Villa know that, should I 
have the majority in that Junta, it would be because the majority of 
Constitutionalist Chiefs are true to their words, to themselves and to 
their ideals, and not because I have made them Generals. I also made 
Villa a General, and he betrayed his cause and did not fulfil his 
promise. 

As First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army, I protest with more 
vigor than if I only were accused, against the charge of servility and 
abjection made by General Villa, to dishonor through history the 
names of all the generals who have followed me and the banner of 
legality. They are all, according to Villa, unworthy, he alone is 
honorable and deserving. 

This majority of unconditional adherents and servile chiefs 
would be, if we are to believe Villa's Manifest, the support which 
would assist me "to remain in power an indefinite length of time, 
and to govern with a despotism never before known in the history of 
our country." Strange, is it not, that General Villa should still pre- 
tend not to know^ that the Plan of Guadalupe, accepted by him, imposed 
on me the obligation of assuming the Executive Power on entering 
the capital of the Republic, and of retaining it until the country was 
pacified, the elections taken place, and Constitutional order re-establish- 
ed. General Villa also pretends to be ignorant of the fact that the 
Plan of Guadalupe authorized me to fix a date for elections to take 
place, and that if, moved by a democratic spirit, I declined to make 
use of this authority, convoking instead a Junta of Generals and 
Governors of the States, it was with the idea that among other things 
they should also arrange this detail. I will also add that wishing to 
give the Junta entire liberty of action, I made to them my resignation 
of First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army and the Executive Power. 
I can find no more convincing and eft'ective refutation of the calum- 
nious charges made by General Villa against me, than the exposition 
of the facts I have just related. (It nnist be borne in mind that one 
of his charges is that of my planning to remain in power an indefinite 
length of time). General Villa can only answer my justification, by 
another calumny: that I instructed all the chiefs beforehand, not to 
accept my resignation, and that they, obeying my instructions, again 
put the executive power in my hands, not by a voluntary and patriotic 
act, which would have been to me a just source of pride and profound 
gratefulness — but that they did it — supposedly — through the abject 
servility which General Villa attributes to them. 

But according to Villa. I. have not only the intention of remain- 
ing indefinitely in power, but also of ruling for an indefinite length 

3 



of time, with a despotism never before equalled in the history of our 
country. Villa pretends to found his assertions on several' reasons. 
He says I refused to accept the title of Provisional President, which 
rightfully pertained to me according to the Plan of Guadalupe, placing 
me under the restrictions of the Constitution, and that with second 
intention I retained the title of First Chief of the Constitutionalist 
Army and Charge of the Executive P'ower. To this charge I will only 
say that: the title of Provisional President is in fact understood in 
the Plan of Guadalupe, but not clearly precised, and therefore I 
chose to adopt that wJiich was clearly precised in the mentioned Plan, 
i. e. Charge of the Executive Power. Moreover, the title of Provision- 
al President could not place me. as Villa maintains, under Constitu- 
tional restrictions, as I could not very well be held to a Constitutional 
system which does not yet exist. The mere fact of my bearing the 
title of Provisional President could not put into efifect the Constitu- 
tion of the Republic. 

Villa also charges me with having changed the form of the Con- 
stitutional oath. This charge is hardly worth a reply, it being such an 
insignificant detail when one considers that no public functionary or 
employe can be obliged to obey and enforce on others obedience to a 
Constitution which is not yet efifective. Naturally the only thing that 
can be demanded just now of public functionnaries and employes, is 
the promise that they will work for the re-establishment of Con- 
stitutional order, in accordance with the Plan of Guadalupe, that 
being the final goal of the present lawful revolution. General Villa, 
who accuses me of such an insignificant detail as that of having 
changed the form of the oath : Did he not accept as a necessity brought 
on by the Revolution, the enforcement of the law of the 25th of 
January? Did he by chance obey the Constitution which he now so 
ardently defends, when he disposed of the haciendas in Chihuahua, 
when he has shot men without giving any consideration to Constitu- 
tional guarantees, when he has not even respected the decrees of the 
First Chief, when to end with, regardless of international policy and 
regardless of the Law which he so often invokes, he proceeded as he 
did in the case of the Englishman. Benton. 

He accuses me of not having chosen my Cabinet in accordance 
to the regulations of the Constitution, because I have left the Secre- 
taries of my Cabinet with the title- of Superior Officials. Although 
this charge, like the preceding one. is almost too insignificant to be 
noticed, I will say that, outside of the fact that I am not obliged to act in 
accordance with Constitutional regulations which do not exist as yet, 
General \'illa should know, and also those who have made his Manifest 
for him, that the offices of Cabinet Secretaries can be served by 
Assistant Secretaries or Superior Officials, as legally as by regular 
Secretaries. 

General A'^illa says that "I assumed the three Constitutional 
Powers while I suppressed Judicial Authorities, and that I left the 
lives and interests of the Mexicans at the mercy of the Military Chiefs, 
without legal restrictions of any sort." This recourse was made 
necessary by the Revolution itself, and it could not be otherwise. The 
Plan of Guadalupe, which was seconded and maintained by General 

4 



Villa, clearly and finally dcMiicd recognition to the three powers: Exe- 
cutive, Legislative and Judicial. In these circumstances, brought about 
by the very nature of the revolution, the First Chief and the Governors 
of the States, with a view to catering to the most urgent needs of the 
public, have prescribed legislative regulations on the one hand, and on 
the other, have had to appoint temporary judicial authorities, giving 
them special faculties, for the protection of the lives and interests of 
the inhabitants of the country. 

Unfortunately the lives and interests of Mexicans and foreign 
residents in the State of Chihuahua, have been exposed to danger in 
the hands of Villa, who being entirely devoid of the most elementary 
administrative notions, and completely ignorant of the meaning of 
order, is only a tool of the interests which surround him, for he has 
had the knack of bringing to his side many men who, consciously or 
unconsciously, were instrumental in bringing about Mr. Madero's ruin. 
Among his adherents is also a Federal General who has had a demora- 
lizing influence on General Villa. This man, after accepting a certain 
commission in Europe for the usurper Huerta, came to me with cre- 
dentials as to his honesty and uprightness, from some members of the 
Aladero family. 

I must also confirm a fact which however is well-known to every- 
one, and that is, that \'illa, without previous authority from the Exe- 
cutive power, drove out all the Spaniards of the Laguna District, 
without taking the trouble to investigate whether these foreigners had 
in any way been implicated in the struggle we had had with the dictator. 
He also confiscated a great many of their properties, seizing the 
products of their farm-lands, without stopping to think of the inter- 
national complications which would result, nor of the indemnifications 
the Government would have to pay for all the damages sustained by 
the foreigners. 

I am also accused of having decreed Constitutional reforms 
"which only the Congress and House have the exclusive right to do'" 
such as the suppression of the Territory of Quintana Roo. It is true 
that I decreed the incorporation of the Territory of Quintana Roo to 
the State of Yucatan, but this 1 did as a political and military measure, 
in order to strengthen the revolution in the case that Yucatan should 
support our cause, and this could not have been done without the 
incorporation of Quintana Roo, because as a Territory, it lacked suf- 
ficient importance. Moreover this measure, as all others of a similar 
nature taken by me during my administration, are only of a temporary 
character, for they are subject to the approval or rejection of the 
Legislative bodies, once Constitutional order is restored. 

Lastly, General Villa accuses me of having "authorized the viola- 
tion of rights given by the Constitution, among others, liberty of 
thought, allowing many of the Governors to abolish religious worship, 
and impose penalties for the observation of religious practices, which 
the law of the country authorizes, thus deeply W(Mmding the religious 
sentiments of the people, l)y acts which civilization and the common 
law condemn, and all this only because of an exaggeration of the 
otherwise just resentment of the Constitutionalists against the Catholic 

5 



Clergy, for having assisted in the military mutiny and supported the 
dictatorship. 

If- General Villa were only able to fathom the meaning of what 
they write for him to sign, he would not have placed himself in such 
an unfavorable light by making this accusation, it being he, who exag- 
gerated this just resentment of the Constitutionalists against the mem- 
bers of the Catholic clergy who supported the dictatorship, carrying 
his exaggeration to such an extreme that he caused great alarm and 
indignation in all classes of society. General Villa, who is now making 
friendly advances to the clergy with much outward respect for religion 
and its practices, used to drive out all the priests and close the churches, 
in every city and village that he took during his campaign. In Zacate- 
cas he crowned his anti-religious frenzy (which so greatly contrasts 
to his Christian mildness of the present time) by driving out eleven 
priests of different Nationalities. Of this number, three were French, 
and their whereabouts are still unknown. This would be a good op- 
portunity to remind General Villa of the warm congratulations he sent 
to General Antonio I. Villareal, Governor of Nuevo Leon, when 
Villareal issued a restrictive decree prohibiting the Catholic practice 
of confession. General Villa's congratulation was expressed in the 
following terms : 

Chihuahua, July 29th, 1914. 

General Antonio I. Villareal : 

Please accept my most cordial and enthusiastic con- 
gratulations for your decree putting restrictions on the Clergy 
of the State which you govern with such ability. I am taking 
the necessary measures to follow your wise example, for like 
yourself, I am of the opinion that one of the greatest enemies 
of our freedom and progress, has been the corrupted clergy 
which for so long has repressed our people. 

Kindest regards, etc. 

General Francisco Villa. 

Villa also finds fault in that I authorized the issue of Thirty 
Million Pesos, without funds to guarantee it. To this I can say that, 
it being urgently necessary to defray the expenses of the army and 
to give a uniform value to the paper money circulated by the Con- 
stitutionalists, I resorted to the only way out of it: a new issue of 
paper money, which was to be used to replace the paper money issued 
during the civil war, by some of the Governors and Military Chiefs, 
to whom circumstances made it impossible for me to send them the 
necessary remittances to cover the actual wants of their soldiers. The 
paper of this new issue can be used to pay importation duties, all kinds 
of contributions, and to pay for the purchase of lands and real estate 
in the cities and in the country — and when peace is once more 
established, measures will be adopted to properly guarantee this money. 

While on the subject of paper money, I will state that having 
authorized General \'''illa to issue Six Million Pesos with which to 
exchange the paper money issued by him and which was being counter- 

6 



feited on a big scale, he issued the Six MilHon as instructed, but did 
not exchange it gradually destroying the other issue, so that tlie six 
million previously issued staid in circulation, and six more million 
began to circulate. He has now issued in Chihuahua, without my 
authority, paper money amounting nearly to Thirty Million, so that 
the Division under his command is costing the Nation : the millions 
just mentioned; about ten million more which headquarters gave him 
at dififerent times for the maintaining of his forces ; the proceeds of 
cotton, mineral, skins, cattle and cereal sales; the proceeds of the 
Railroads, compulsory contributions exacted by him, proceeds of lot- 
teries and gambling houses licensed by him, etc. etc. If Villa has 
put any part of all this money to good uses, I know not, but I can 
state with all certainty that the armies of the Northeast and Northwest 
together, which outnumber Villa's more than twice over, have not spent 
anything like the enormous amounts inverted by Villa. This was one 
of the principal reasons I had, when I accepted Villa's resignation of 
the command of the Northern Division after the incident of Zacatecas. 
I wanted to impose discipline in that division, and to put a stop to this 
useless squandering of money by Villa, which in the end would have 
to be paid by the people. 

Referring to the charge made against me for having suspended 
traffic between Aguascalientes and Zacatecas, I must here confirm my 
reasons for having done it. When General Obregon went to Chihua- 
hua as per my instructions, to make efforts to settle peaceably the 
misunderstandings between General Arrieta. of the forces under my 
command, and General Calixto Contreras of the North, and the forces 
in Sonora, I was informed of what now everybody knows : that Villa 
tried to do away with General Obregon. who was his guest. Then, 
doing what I considered was my duty, I asked General \'illa to give 
an explanation for his unseemly conduct towards General Obregon. 
Instead of giving the satisfaction demanded of him. Villa addressed 
me a message (which I have already made public) telling me that the 
Northern Division would not attend the Junta of Generals and Gover- 
nors convoked by me. and that he did not recognize me any longer as 
"First Chief of the Republic." I must here call attention to the 
fact that this message disowning me both as Head of the Army and 
Chief Executive of the Union, was not the work of all the Generals 
of the Northern Division, most of them not having had any knowledge 
of same until after it had been sent by \'illa. In the face of these 
facts, who is it that began to make trouble? Was it I. who sent 
General Obregon so that he might confer with Villa and solve the 
difficulties which had come up in the North — or was it \'illa who took 
advantage of this occasion and almost did away with the Chief of the 
Northeastern Division, just because he remained loyal to me? In 
view of these unwarranted proceedings, I had to take the necessary 
precautions which the case required, and it was with this idea that I 
cut off all communications with the Northern Division. 

The marked persistence with which the Manifest alludes to the 
Constitution, to the re-establishment of the Constitutional Government, 
and to the guarantee of a Supreme Law. etc. etc. is an evident proof 
that the politicians who wrote the Manifest for General Villa, and 

7 



Villa himself, far from understanding and wishing the realization of 
the aspirations of the Mexican people, are on the contrary reaction- 
aries. An obvious proof of this is \'illa's conciliatory attitude towards 
the Conservative clement of the old regime, including ex-federal army 
officers protected by Felipe Angeles, and the clerical party, whose 
privileges \'illa openly defends in his Manifest. A further proof of 
his reactionary spirit is his persistently repeated desire of inaugurating 
a Constitutional System of Government, before the revolution has 
had time to effect the social reforms demanded by the Nation. He 
insists on the inuiiediate re-establishment of the Constitutional system, 
so that in the regular routine of the three Federal Powers, the radical 
and social reforms for whose prompt adoption we have been struggling, 
may be presented, studied, discussed and resolved. Useless to say 
that this would be a postponement of these reforms to such a far-off 
time, that the result would be null. Those who clamor for this are the 
enemies of the revolution. 

It is true that the word "Constitutionalism" is engraved on the 
colors of our flag — it is true that our final aim is the re-establishment 
of a Constitutionalist order which will allow the normal operating of 
institutions which protect and warrant individual rights, and we shall 
not lay down our arms until we have obtained the sovereignty of the 
Law, and that is why we are proud to call ourselves Constitutionalists. 
But in order to obtain this end, it is necessary to satisfy the economical 
and social reforms which the people demand, putting into practice 
without loss of time and without legislative delays, the reforms which 
along these lines should be made. 

General A'illa closes his Manifest declaring that he will not accept 
the office of President or Vice-President, either provisional or Con- 
stitutional, of the Republic, which candidacies nobody has offered to 
him, and he adds that he has no ambition to rule. We shall soon be 
able to ascertain whether or not he has this ambition. 

National Palace in Mexico City, 24th of October, 1914. 

V. CARRANZA. 

Note — The extent of Sr. Carranza's understanding of the underlying 
motives whieh caused Pancho Villa to forsake the true cause of the 
people and join the banner of the Cientificos and reactionaries, may be 
judged by his foreshadoicing of certain events in Villa's camp. More 
than three months before J'illa proclaimed himself as the "President of 
Mexico," Carranza predicted that that was the real aim and ambition of 
the shattered idol. Pancho lllla. He was fighting to realize his oivn per- 
sonal zi'liims and to obtain the control of the country for a number of 
zcealthy reactionaries- He wanted to rule and dictate; he rvas aspiring to 
be the chief tyrant of the land beyond the Rio Grande and Sr. Carranza 
knew it better, perhaps, than any one else in Mexico. But that the people 
of the United States could not be fooled by his "Green Book" is eindent 
by the editorial which appeared in the N. Y. Evening Sun, of January 
/. Here is part of the editorial: "The narrative does not come dozvn to 
the Aguascalientes convention, which J Ilia dominated and which first 
named Antonio Villareal and the Eulalio Gutierres as provisional presi- 
dent- ViUareal, like Obregon, is nozc in arms against Villa. It is the 
avoidance of all that happened since the Torreon conference that im- 
pairs the value of the Green Book as a partisan document." 



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